When discussing graphene, we must initially point out the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our day-to-day live.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the same layer “hold hands” and are very closely connected, however the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to three other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms form a routine hexagonal ring on the same airplane, extending to create a sheet framework.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, after that graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite has concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel a solitary layer structure.
Greater than 20 years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a method to get a single layer of graphite.
How can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took a very “easy and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we write a typo on paper, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, researchers frankly connect that if tape can stay with the surface of paper, can it also stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split right into two. Although the thickness of graphite right now is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have verified the usefulness of this approach – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite becomes thinner. By insisting on using this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to repeat the operation, they lastly acquired a thin sheet consisting of only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this method of repetitively scrubing graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has reduced manufacturing effectiveness and can only be made use of to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the enhancement of scientific and technological degrees, the prep work technique of graphene has actually additionally made great development. At present, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are also lots of methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent exfoliation method, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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